A severe rust infection was observed on leaves of Tulipa iliensis in the desert regions of the Tianshan Mountains in China. The pathogen is similar to P. tulipae, a microcyclic rust of several Tulipa species, but differs in larger teliospores, and in the production of spermogonia and aecia. Herein, we describe Puccinia xinyuanensis sp. nov., an autoecious demicyclic rust of Tulipa iliensis. This is the first known rust on this host.