OBJECTIVEPatients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) are predisposed to visceral neurofibromas, some of which can progress to premalignant atypical neurofibromas (ANFs) and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). Though subtotal resection of ANF may prevent malignant transformation and thus deaths with no neural complications, local recurrences require reoperation. The aim of this study was to assess the surgical morbidity associated with marginal resection of targeted ANF nodules identified via preoperative serial volumetric MRI and ¹⁸F-FDG-PET imaging.METHODSThe authors analyzed clinical outcomes of 16 NF resections of 21 tumors in 11 NF1 patients treated at the NIH Clinical Center between 2008 and 2018. Preoperative volumetric growth rates and ¹⁸F-FDG-PET SUV_Max (maximum standardized uptake value within the tumor) of the target lesions and any electromyographic or nerve conduction velocity abnormalities of the parent nerves were measured and assessed in tandem with postoperative complications, histopathological classification of the resected tumors, and surgical margins through Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test and t-test. The surgical approach for safe marginal resection of ANF was also described.RESULTSEleven consecutive NF1 patients (4 male, 7 female; median age 18.5 years) underwent 16 surgical procedures for marginal resections of 21 tumors. Preoperatively, 13 of the 14 (93%) sets of serial MRI studies and 10 of the 11 (91%) ¹⁸F-FDG-PET scans showed rapid growth (≥ 20% increase in volume per year) and avidity (SUV_Max ≥ 3.5) of the identified tumor, respectively (median tumor size 48.7 cm³; median growth rate 92% per year; median SUV_Max 6.45). Most surgeries (n = 14, 88%) resulted in no persistent postoperative parent nerve–related complications, and to date, none of the resected tumors have recurred. The median length of postoperative follow-up has been 2.45 years (range 0.00–10.39 years). Histopathological analysis confirmed significantly greater SUV_Max among the ANFs (6.51 ± 0.83, p = 0.0042) and low-grade MPNSTs (13.8, p = 0.0001) than in benign neurofibromas (1.9).CONCLUSIONSThis report evaluates the utility of serial imaging (MRI and ¹⁸F-FDG-PET SUV_Max) to successfully detect ANF and demonstrates that safe, fascicle-sparing gross-total, extracapsular resection of ANF is possible with the use of intraoperative nerve stimulation and microdissection of nerve fascicles.