@misc{Brkic2018, author = {Brkic, D. and Praks, P.}, month = {jan}, title = {Accurate and efficient explicit approximations of the Colebrook flow friction equation based on the Wright-Omega function}, year = {2018} } @article{Brkić2014, author = {Brkić, Dejan}, doi = {10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000769}, journal = {Journal of Hydraulic Engineering}, month = {apr}, title = {Discussion of “Method to Cope with Zero Flows in Newton Solvers for Water Distribution Systems” by Nikolai B. Gorev, Inna F. Kodzhespirov, Yuriy Kovalenko, Eugenio Prokhorov, and Gerardo Trapaga}, url = {https://zenodo.org/record/889974/files/article.pdf}, volume = {140}, year = {2014} } @article{Brkić2014_2, abstract = {Maximal relative error of the explicit approximation to the Colebrook equation for flow friction presented in the discussed paper by Saeed Samadianfard [J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 92-93 (2012), 48-55; doi. 10.1016/j.petrol.2012.06.005] is investigated. Samadianfard claims that his approximation is very accurate with the maximal relative error of no more than 0.08152%. Here is shown that this error is about 7%. Related comments about the paper are also enclosed. ; JRC.F.3-Energy Security, Systems and Market}, author = {Brkić, Dejan and Dejan, Brkic}, doi = {10.1016/j.petrol.2014.06.007}, journal = {Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering}, month = {jun}, pages = {399-401}, title = {Discussion of “Gene expression programming analysis of implicit Colebrook–White equation in turbulent flow friction factor calculation” by Saeed Samadianfard [J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 92-93 (2012), 48-55]}, url = {https://zenodo.org/record/889996/files/article.pdf}, volume = {124}, year = {2014} } @article{Brkić2016, abstract = {Nowadays, the Colebrook equation is used as a mostly accepted relation for the calculation of fluid flow friction factor. However, the Colebrook equation is implicit with respect to the friction factor (λ). In the present study, a noniterative approach using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was developed to calculate the friction factor. To configure the ANN model, the input parameters of the Reynolds Number (Re) and the relative roughness of pipe (ε/D) were transformed to logarithmic scales. The 90,000 sets of data were fed to the ANN model involving three layers: input, hidden, and output layers with, 2, 50, and 1 neurons, respectively. This configuration was capable of predicting the values of friction factor in the Colebrook equation for any given values of the Reynolds number (Re) and the relative roughness (ε/D) ranging between 5000 and 108 and between 10−7 and 0.1, respectively. The proposed ANN demonstrates the relative error up to 0.07% which had the high accuracy compared with the vast majority of the precise explicit approximations of the Colebrook equation.}, author = {Brkić, Dejan and Ćojbašić, Žarko}, doi = {10.1155/2016/5242596}, month = {jan}, title = {Intelligent Flow Friction Estimation}, url = {https://zenodo.org/record/889687/files/article.pdf}, year = {2016} } @article{Brkić2016_2, author = {Brkić, Dejan}, month = {jan}, title = {Study on the impacts of possible amendments to the ATEX, the Machinery, and the Pressure Equipment Directives with respect to equipment intended for use in the offshore oil and gas industry}, url = {https://zenodo.org/record/3274260/files/article.pdf}, year = {2016} } @article{Brkić2016_3, author = {Brkić, Dejan}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.08.109}, journal = {International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer}, month = {feb}, pages = {513-515}, title = {A note on explicit approximations to Colebrook’s friction factor in rough pipes under highly turbulent cases}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.08.109}, volume = {93}, year = {2016} } @article{Brkić2016_4, abstract = {An example of hydraulic design project for teaching purpose is presented. Students’ task is to develop a looped distribution network for water (i.e. to determinate node consumptions, disposal of pipes, and finally to calculate flow rates in the network’s pipes and their optimal diameters). This can be accomplished by using the original Hardy Cross method, the improved Hardy Cross method, the node-loop method, etc. For the improved Hardy Cross method and the node-loop method, use of matrix calculation is mandatory. Because the analysis of water distribution networks is an essential component of civil engineering water resources curricula, the adequate technique better than the hand-oriented one is desired in order to increase students’ understanding of this kind of engineering systems and of relevant design issues in more concise and effective way. The described use of spreadsheet solvers is more than suitable for the purpose, especially knowing that spreadsheet solvers are much more matrix friendly compared with the hand-orientated calculation. Although matrix calculation is not mandatory for the original Hardy Cross method, even in that case it is preferred for better understanding of the problem. The application of commonly available spreadsheet software (Microsoft Excel) including two real classroom tasks is presented. ; JRC.C.3-Energy Security, Distribution and Markets}, author = {Brkić, Dejan and Dejan, Brkic}, month = {aug}, title = {Spreadsheet-Based Pipe Networks Analysis for Teaching and Learning Purpose}, url = {https://zenodo.org/record/889609/files/article.pdf}, year = {2016} } @article{Brkić2017, author = {Brkić, Dejan and Ćojbašić, Žarko}, doi = {10.3390/fluids2020015}, journal = {Fluids}, month = {mar}, pages = {15}, title = {Evolutionary Optimization of Colebrook’s Turbulent Flow Friction Approximations}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids2020015}, volume = {2}, year = {2017} } @article{Brkić2017_2, author = {Brkić, Dejan}, month = {aug}, title = {Solution of the Implicit Colebrook Equation for Flow Friction Using Excel}, url = {https://zenodo.org/record/889581/files/article.pdf}, year = {2017} } @article{Brkić2017_3, author = {Brkić, Dejan}, doi = {10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001341}, journal = {Journal of Hydraulic Engineering}, month = {sep}, title = {Discussion of “Exact Analytical Solutions of the Colebrook-White Equation” by Yozo Mikata and Walter S. Walczak}, url = {https://zenodo.org/record/889703/files/article.pdf}, volume = {143}, year = {2017} } @article{Brkić2018, author = {Brkić, Dejan}, doi = {10.1061/(asce)ps.1949-1204.0000319}, journal = {Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice}, month = {aug}, title = {Discussion of “Economics and Statistical Evaluations of Using Microsoft Excel Solver in Pipe Network Analysis” by I. A. Oke, A. Ismail, S. Lukman, S. O. Ojo, O. O. Adeosun, and M. O. Nwude}, url = {https://zenodo.org/record/1310963/files/article.pdf}, volume = {9}, year = {2018} } @article{Brkić2018_2, abstract = {This paper provides a new unified formula for Newtonian fluids valid for all pipe flow regimes from laminar to fully rough turbulent flow. This includes laminar flow; the unstable sharp jump from laminar to turbulent flow; and all types of turbulent regimes, including the smooth turbulent regime, the partial non-fully developed turbulent regime, and the fully developed rough turbulent regime. The new unified formula follows the inflectional form of curves suggested in Nikuradse’s experiment rather than the monotonic shape proposed by Colebrook and White. The composition of the proposed unified formula uses switching functions and interchangeable formulas for the laminar, smooth turbulent, and fully rough turbulent flow regimes. Thus, the formulation presented below represents a coherent hydraulic model suitable for engineering use. This new flow friction model is more flexible than existing literature models and provides smooth and computationally cheap transitions between hydraulic regimes.}, author = {Brkić, Dejan and Praks, Pavel}, doi = {10.3390/app8112036}, journal = {Applied Sciences}, month = {oct}, pages = {2036}, title = {Unified Friction Formulation from Laminar to Fully Rough Turbulent Flow}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/8/11/2036/pdf}, volume = {8}, year = {2018} } @article{Brkić2018_3, author = {Brkić, Dejan and Praks, Pavel}, doi = {10.3390/math7010034}, journal = {Mathematics}, month = {dec}, pages = {34}, title = {Accurate and Efficient Explicit Approximations of the Colebrook Flow Friction Equation Based on the Wright ω-Function}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/math7010034}, volume = {7}, year = {2018} } @misc{Brkić2019, author = {Brkić, Dejan and Praks, Pavel}, month = {mar}, title = {An Efficient Iterative Method for Looped Pipe Network Hydraulics}, year = {2019} } @article{Brkić2019_2, abstract = {The original and improved versions of the Hardy Cross iterative method with related modifications are today widely used for the calculation of fluid flow through conduits in loop-like distribution networks of pipes with known node fluid consumptions. Fluid in these networks is usually natural gas for distribution in municipalities, water in waterworks or hot water in district heating systems, air in ventilation systems in buildings and mines, etc. Since the resistances in these networks depend on flow, the problem is not linear like in electrical circuits, and an iterative procedure must be used. In both versions of the Hardy Cross method, in the original and in the improved one, the initial result of calculations in the iteration procedure is not flow, but rather a correction of flow. Unfortunately, these corrections should be added to or subtracted from flow calculated in the previous iteration according to complicated algebraic rules. Unlike the Hardy Cross method, which requires complicated formulas for flow corrections, the new Node-loop method does not need these corrections, as flow is computed directly. This is the main advantage of the new Node-loop method, as the number of iterations is the same as in the modified Hardy Cross method. Consequently, a complex algebraic scheme for the sign of the flow correction is avoided, while the final results remain accurate.}, author = {Brkić, Dejan and Praks, Pavel}, doi = {10.3390/fluids4020073}, journal = {Fluids}, month = {apr}, pages = {73}, title = {An Efficient Iterative Method for Looped Pipe Network Hydraulics Free of Flow-Corrections}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids4020073}, volume = {4}, year = {2019} } @article{Praks2018, author = {Praks, Pavel and Brkić, Dejan}, doi = {10.3390/en11071825}, journal = {Energies}, month = {jul}, pages = {1825}, title = {One-Log Call Iterative Solution of the Colebrook Equation for Flow Friction Based on Padé Polynomials}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071825}, volume = {11}, year = {2018} } @article{Praks2018_2, abstract = {The empirical Colebrook equation from 1939 is still accepted as an informal standard way to calculate the friction factor of turbulent flows (4000 < Re < 108) through pipes with roughness between negligible relative roughness (ε/D ⟶ 0) to very rough (up to ε/D = 0.05). The Colebrook equation includes the flow friction factor λ in an implicit logarithmic form, λ being a function of the Reynolds number Re and the relative roughness of inner pipe surface ε/D: λ = f(λ, Re, ε/D). To evaluate the error introduced by the many available explicit approximations to the Colebrook equation, λ ≈ f(Re, ε/D), it is necessary to determinate the value of the friction factor λ from the Colebrook equation as accurately as possible. The most accurate way to achieve that is by using some kind of the iterative method. The most used iterative approach is the simple fixed-point method, which requires up to 10 iterations to achieve a good level of accuracy. The simple fixed-point method does not require derivatives of the Colebrook function, while the most of the other presented methods in this paper do require. The methods based on the accelerated Householder’s approach (3rd order, 2nd order: Halley’s and Schröder’s method, and 1st order: Newton–Raphson) require few iterations less, while the three-point iterative methods require only 1 to 3 iterations to achieve the same level of accuracy. The paper also discusses strategies for finding the derivatives of the Colebrook function in symbolic form, for avoiding the use of the derivatives (secant method), and for choosing an optimal starting point for the iterative procedure. The Householder approach to the Colebrook’ equations expressed through the Lambert W-function is also analyzed. Finally, it is presented one approximation to the Colebrook equation with an error of no more than 0.0617%.}, author = {Praks, Pavel and Brkić, Dejan}, doi = {10.1155/2018/5451034}, journal = {Advances in Civil Engineering}, month = {jul}, pages = {1-18}, title = {Advanced Iterative Procedures for Solving the Implicit Colebrook Equation for Fluid Flow Friction}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5451034}, volume = {2018}, year = {2018} } @misc{Praks2018_3, author = {Praks, Pavel and Brkić, Dejan}, month = {aug}, title = {Choosing the Optimal Multi-Point Iterative Method for the Colebrook Flow Friction Equation – Numerical Validation}, year = {2018} } @article{Praks2018_4, abstract = {The Colebrook equation is implicitly given in respect to the unknown flow friction factor λ; λ = ζ ( R e , ε * , λ ) which cannot be expressed explicitly in exact way without simplifications and use of approximate calculus. A common approach to solve it is through the Newton–Raphson iterative procedure or through the fixed-point iterative procedure. Both require in some cases, up to seven iterations. On the other hand, numerous more powerful iterative methods such as three- or two-point methods, etc. are available. The purpose is to choose optimal iterative method in order to solve the implicit Colebrook equation for flow friction accurately using the least possible number of iterations. The methods are thoroughly tested and those which require the least possible number of iterations to reach the accurate solution are identified. The most powerful three-point methods require, in the worst case, only two iterations to reach the final solution. The recommended representatives are Sharma–Guha–Gupta, Sharma–Sharma, Sharma–Arora, Džunić–Petković–Petković; Bi–Ren–Wu, Chun–Neta based on Kung–Traub, Neta, and the Jain method based on the Steffensen scheme. The recommended iterative methods can reach the final accurate solution with the least possible number of iterations. The approach is hybrid between the iterative procedure and one-step explicit approximations and can be used in engineering design for initial rough, but also for final fine calculations.}, author = {Praks, Pavel and Brkić, Dejan}, doi = {10.3390/pr6080130}, journal = {Processes}, month = {aug}, pages = {130}, title = {Choosing the Optimal Multi-Point Iterative Method for the Colebrook Flow Friction Equation}, url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/pr6080130}, volume = {6}, year = {2018} } @article{Praks2018_5, abstract = {Widely used in hydraulics, the Colebrook equation for flow friction relates implicitly to the input parameters; the Reynolds number, Re and the relative roughness of an inner pipe surface, ε/D with an unknown output parameter; the flow friction factor, λ; λ = f (λ, Re, ε/D). In this paper, a few explicit approximations to the Colebrook equation; λ ≈ f (Re, ε/D), are generated using the ability of artificial intelligence to make inner patterns to connect input and output parameters in an explicit way not knowing their nature or the physical law that connects them, but only knowing raw numbers, {Re, ε/D}→{λ}. The fact that the used genetic programming tool does not know the structure of the Colebrook equation, which is based on computationally expensive logarithmic law, is used to obtain a better structure of the approximations, which is less demanding for calculation but also enough accurate. All generated approximations have low computational cost because they contain a limited number of logarithmic forms used for normalization of input parameters or for acceleration, but they are also sufficiently accurate. The relative error regarding the friction factor λ, in in the best case is up to 0.13% with only two logarithmic forms used. As the second logarithm can be accurately approximated by the Padé approximation, practically the same error is obtained also using only one logarithm.}, author = {Praks, Pavel and Brkić, Dejan}, doi = {10.3390/w10091175}, journal = {Water}, month = {sep}, pages = {1175}, title = {Symbolic Regression-Based Genetic Approximations of the Colebrook Equation for Flow Friction}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/10/9/1175/pdf}, volume = {10}, year = {2018} }