@article{Almeida2011, abstract = {Evidence continues to emerge showing that poor Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) can cause illness requiring absence from schools, and can cause acute health symptoms that decrease students’ performance. Since children spend on average 7–11 h per weekday at school, the IAQ in classrooms is expected to play a key role in the assessment of the effects of their personal exposure to air pollution. Within this context the present study was conducted in order to fulfill three primary objectives 1) to measure the levels and the element composition of PM2.5 and PM2.5–10, in three primary schools placed in Lisbon, in order to assess the children exposure to these pollutants; 2) to study the relationship between indoor and outdoor atmospheric particles concentrations and 3) to investigate the sources of high aerosols concentrations in classrooms. In the studied classrooms, the concentrations of coarse particles significantly exceeded the ambient levels. Element concentrations suggested that the physical activity of students highly contributed to the re-suspension of sedimented particles. The high levels of CO2 indicated that in these schools the ventilation was inadequate. This fact contributed to the establishment of poor IAQ.Highlights► In classrooms, PM2.5–10 concentrations significantly exceed the ambient concentrations. ► Physical activity of the children led to re-suspension and increased levels of particles. ► In classrooms, mineral dust, building materials and chalk are important sources of particles. ► High CO2 levels indicate that inadequate ventilation contributes for poor IAQ. ► Measurements of outdoor particles do not provide an accurate estimation of children’s exposure.}, author = {Almeida, Susana Marta and Canha, Nuno and Silva, Ana and Freitas, Maria do Carmo and Pegas, Priscilla and Alves, Célia and Evtyugina, Margarita and Pio, Casimiro Adrião}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.052}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {dec}, pages = {7594-7599}, title = {Children exposure to atmospheric particles in indoor of Lisbon primary schools}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Susana_Almeida4/publication/229098172_Children_exposure_to_atmospheric_particles_in_indoor_of_Lisbon_primary_schools/links/00b7d52c67deee3b9f000000.pdf}, volume = {45}, year = {2011} } @article{Alves2010, abstract = {Fine (PM(2.5)) and coarse (PM(2.5-10)) smoke particles from controlled biomass burnings of a shrub-dominated forest in Lousa Mountain, Portugal, enabled the quantification by chromatographic techniques of several molecular tracers for the combustion of Mediterranean forest ecosystems, which could be conducive to source apportionment studies. The major organic components in the smoke samples were pyrolysates of vegetation cuticles, mainly comprising steradienes and sterol derivatives, carbohydrates from the breakdown of cellulose, aliphatic lipids from vegetation waxes and methoxyphenols from the lignin thermal degradation. Most of these compounds are chiefly found in fine particles. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were also present as minor constituents. Anhydrosugar and PAH molecular diagnostic ratios were applied as source assignment tools. Some biomarkers are reported for the first time in biomass burning smoke. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, author = {Alves, C. A. and Goncalves, C. and Evtyugina, M. and Pio, C. A. and Mirante, F. and Puxbaum, H.}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.029}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {jul}, pages = {2750-2759}, title = {Particulate organic compounds emitted from experimental wildland fires in a Mediterranean ecosystem}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hans_Puxbaum/publication/235733843_Particulate_organic_compounds_emitted_from_experimental_wildland_fires_in_a_Mediterranean_ecosystem/links/57262d2408ae262228b20ca8.pdf}, volume = {44}, year = {2010} } @article{Alves2010_2, author = {Alves, C. A. and Gonçalves, C. and Pio, C. A. and Mirante, F. and Caseiro, A. and Tarelho, L. and Freitas, M. C. and Viegas, D. X.}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.010}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {aug}, pages = {3024-3033}, title = {Smoke emissions from biomass burning in a Mediterranean shrubland}, url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.010}, volume = {44}, year = {2010} } @article{Alves2011, author = {Alves, Célia and Vicente, Ana and Nunes, Teresa and Gonçalves, Cátia and Fernandes, Ana Patrícia and Mirante, Fátima and Tarelho, Luís and Sánchez de la Campa, Ana M. and Querol, Xavier and Caseiro, Alexandre and Monteiro, Cristina and Evtyugina, Margarita and Pio, Casimiro}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.10.031}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {jan}, pages = {641-649}, title = {Summer 2009 wildfires in Portugal: Emission of trace gases and aerosol composition}, url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.10.031}, volume = {45}, year = {2011} } @article{Alves2011_2, abstract = {On May 2009, both the gas and particulate fractions of smoke from a wildfire in Sever do Vouga, central Portugal, were sampled. Total hydrocarbons and carbon oxides (CO(2) and CO) were measured using automatic analysers with flame ionisation and non-dispersive infrared detectors, respectively. Fine (PM(2.5)) and coarse (PM(2.5-10)) particles from the smoke plume were analysed by a thermal-optical transmission technique to determine the elemental and organic carbon (EC and OC) content. Subsequently, the particle samples were solvent extracted and fractionated by vacuum flash chromatography into different classes of organic compounds. The detailed organic speciation was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The CO, CO(2) and total hydrocarbon emission factors (g kg(-1) dry fuel) were 170 ± 83, 1485 ± 147, and 9.8 ± 0.90, respectively. It was observed that the particulate matter and OC emissions are significantly enhanced under smouldering fire conditions. The aerosol emissions were dominated by fine particles whose mass was mainly composed of organic constituents, such as degradation products from biopolymers (e.g. levoglucosan from cellulose, methoxyphenols from lignin). The compound classes also included homologous series (n-alkanes, n-alkenes, n-alkanoic acids and n-alkanols), monosaccharide derivatives from cellulose, steroid and terpenoid biomarkers, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The most abundant PAH was retene. Even carbon number homologs of monoglycerides were identified for the first time as biomarkers in biomass burning aerosols.}, author = {Alves, Célia A. and Vicente, Ana and Monteiro, Cristina and Gonçalves, Cátia and Evtyugina, Margarita and Pio, Casimiro}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.12.025}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, month = {mar}, pages = {1466-1475}, title = {Emission of trace gases and organic components in smoke particles from a wildfire in a mixed-evergreen forest in Portugal}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Celia_Alves2/publication/49794958_Emission_of_trace_gases_and_organic_components_in_smoke_particles_from_a_wildfire_in_a_mixed-evergreen_forest_in_Portugal/links/55a7962008aeceb8cad63cbe.pdf}, volume = {409}, year = {2011} } @article{Alves2011_3, abstract = {Wood from seven species of trees grown in the Portuguese forest (Pinus pinaster, Eucalyptus globulus, Quercus suber, Acacia longifolia, Quercus faginea, Olea europea and Quercus ilex rotundifolia), and briquettes produced from forest biomass waste were burned in a fireplace and in a woodstove to determine the chemical composition of fine particle (PM2.5) emissions. Samples were analysed for organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC), water soluble ions (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3- and SO42-) and 67 elements. The PM2.5 emission factors (g kg(-1) fuel burned, dry basis) were in the ranges 9.9-20.2 and 4.2-16.3, respectively, for the fireplace and the woodstove. Organic carbon contributed to about 50% of the fine particle mass in the emissions from every wood species studied in both burning appliances. The carbonaceous component of PM2.5 was dominated by organic carbon, accounting for more than 85% of the total carbon (TC): OC/TC ranged from 0.85 to 0.96 (avg. 0.92) for the fireplace and from 0.86 to 0.97 (avg. 0.93) for the woodstove. The water-soluble ions accounted for 0.64 to 11.3% of the PM2.5 mass emitted from the fireplace, whereas mass fractions between 0.53 and 13.6% were obtained for the woodstove. The golden wattle wood smoke showed a much higher ionic content than the emissions from the other wood types. Trace elements represented 0.4 to 2.5% and 0.2 to 2.2% of the PM2.5 mass emitted, respectively, from the fireplace and the woodstove, which corresponded to average total emissions of 132 +/- 77.3 mg kg(-1) and 93.4 +/- 60.8 mg kg(-1) of wood burned. Among these, K, Pb, Al, Mn and Sr were present in all samples. From the emission profiles of the individual experiments, composite wood combustion profiles are suggested with the aid of a cluster analysis. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, author = {Alves, Célia and Gonçalves, Cátia and Fernandes, Ana Patrícia and Tarelho, Luís and Pio, Casimiro}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.04.015}, journal = {Atmospheric Research}, month = {aug}, pages = {692-700}, title = {Fireplace and woodstove fine particle emissions from combustion of western Mediterranean wood types}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Celia_Alves2/publication/235733837_Fireplace_and_woodstove_fine_particle_emissions_from_combustion_of_western_Mediterranean_wood_types/links/55a7959908aea2222c74696e.pdf}, volume = {101}, year = {2011} } @article{Alves2012, author = {Alves, Celia A. and Gomes Aciole, Sullamy Dayse}, month = {jan}, title = {Formaldehyde in Schools: A Review}, year = {2012} } @article{Alves2012_2, abstract = {Formaldehyde has been classified as a probable human carcinogen. Indoor air quality measurements carried out worldwide in schools indicate that levels may be of concern. This paper provides an overview of emission sources, properties and methods for quantification of formaldehyde. Quantitative information from studies performed in school environments was compiled and a comprehensive picture of the causal relationships between pollutant exposures and children's health given. Mitigation actions to reduce formaldehyde levels and its adverse impacts in school buildings are recommended.}, author = {Alves, Célia A. and Aciole, Sullamy Dayse Gomes}, doi = {10.1590/s0100-40422012001000024}, journal = {Química Nova}, month = {jan}, pages = {2025-2039}, title = {Formaldeído em escolas: uma revisão}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-40422012001000024}, volume = {35}, year = {2012} } @article{Canha2012, author = {Canha, N. and Martinho, M. and Do Carmo Freitas, M. and Almeida-Silva, M. and Almeida, S. M. and Pegas, P. and Alves, C. and Pio, C. and Trancoso, M. and Sousa, R. and Mouro, F. and Contreiras, T.}, month = {jan}, title = {Indoor Air Quality in primary schools in Lisbon and its eventual relationship with asthma and rhinitis in children}, year = {2012} } @article{Canha2012_2, abstract = {The indoor air quality (IAQ) in classrooms is expected to play a key role in the assessment of the effects of the children’s personal exposure to air pollution since they spend on average 7–11 h per weekday at school. A statistical treatment was conducted over a database of indoor air parameters and the primary schools where these parameters were sampled (urban area of Lisbon, Portugal). The aim of this study was to assess the associations between indoor air parameters with the schools’ building characteristics, through the use of statistical methods. Several associations were found and allow pointing out from this study several recommendations to improve the classrooms IAQ. For example, some factors such as ventilation, cleanings and chalk use instead whiteboard pens, can reduce or increase specific contaminants inside the classrooms.}, author = {Canha, Nuno and Martinho, Maria and Silva, Marina Almeida and Almeida, Susana Marta and Pegas, Priscilla and Alves, Célia and Pio, Casimiro and Trancoso, Maria Ascensio and Sousa, Rita and Mouro, Filomena and Contreiras, Teresa and Freitas, Maria do Carmo}, doi = {10.1504/ijep.2012.051210}, journal = {International Journal of Environment and Pollution}, month = {jan}, pages = {396}, title = {Indoor air quality in primary schools}, url = {http://doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2012.051210}, volume = {50}, year = {2012} } @article{Fernandes2011, author = {Fernandes, A. P. and Alves, C. A. and Gonçalves, C. and Tarelho, L. and Pio, C. and Schimdl, C. and Bauer, H.}, doi = {10.1039/c1em10500k}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring}, month = {jan}, pages = {3196}, title = {Emission factors from residential combustion appliances burning Portuguese biomass fuels}, url = {http://ria.ua.pt/bitstream/10773/6373/1/JEM_13_2011_3196-3206.pdf}, volume = {13}, year = {2011} } @article{Gonçalves2010, author = {Gonçalves, Cátia and Alves, Célia and Evtyugina, Margarita and Mirante, Fátima and Pio, Casimiro and Caseiro, Alexandre and Schmidl, Christoph and Bauer, Heidi and Carvalho, Fernando}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.07.026}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {nov}, pages = {4474-4480}, title = {Characterisation of PM10 emissions from woodstove combustion of common woods grown in Portugal}, url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.07.026}, volume = {44}, year = {2010} } @article{Gonçalves2011, abstract = {To assess the particulate matter (PM) composition, the smoke from three different agriculture and garden residues, commonly subjected to open field burning in Northern Portugal (potato haulm (A), arable weed vegetation (B) and collard greens stalks/pruned green leafy-twigs (C)) have been sampled into 3 different size fractions (PM2.5, PM2.5–10 and PM> 10). To replicate another frequent practise of reducing or dispose agriculture/garden debris, residue C was complementarily burned in a metal container with addition of used lubricant oil. The size-segregated aerosol samples were analysed for elemental (EC) and organic (OC) carbon by a thermal–optical transmission technique. The organosoluble OC was fractionated by vacuum flash chromatography and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Burning of residue C produced the highest PM emissions. OC was the dominant carbonaceous component in all aerosol samples, contributing to about 98% of total carbon (TC). The detailed chemical profiles of particulate emissions, including organic tracer compounds, have been assessed. The contribution of phenolics (0.2–39% OC, w/w) and organic acids (1.5–13% OC, w/w) to OC was always predominant over other organic compounds, whose distribution patterns were found to vary from one residue to another. The polyphenols, as the guaiacyl derivatives, were particularly abundant in PM from the residue C burning, but anthropogenic constituents completely superimposed the emission profiles after addition of used lubricant oil. It was shown that the prevailing ambient conditions (such as high humidity) likely contributed to atmospheric processes (e.g. coagulation and hygroscopic growth), which influenced the particle size characteristics of the smoke tracers, shifting their distribution to larger diameters. Since it was shown that the relative contribution of different carbon forms and organic compounds may strongly depend on the size of the particulate matter, the barely analysis of one size fraction cannot be reliable enough to assess neither global emission tendencies nor the profiles of individual chemical components in smoke.Highlights► The particulate matter (PM) from burning of three agriculture residues was studied. ► The PM> 10 concentrations were significantly higher than other PM fractions. ► The carbonaceous fraction was dominated by organic carbon (OC/TC ~ 98%). ► Phenolics and organic acids were always predominant compounds in smoke particles. ► Inositol is proposed as an eventual tracer for the smoke from potato haulm burning.}, author = {Gonçalves, Cátia and Evtyugina, Margarita and Alves, Célia and Monteiro, Cristina and Pio, Casimiro and Tomé, Mário}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.04.017}, journal = {Atmospheric Research}, month = {aug}, pages = {666-680}, title = {Organic particulate emissions from field burning of garden and agriculture residues}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Celia_Alves2/publication/229094336_Organic_particulate_emissions_from_field_burning_of_garden_and_agriculture_residues/links/55a7964a08ae0b4e8712331b.pdf}, volume = {101}, year = {2011} } @article{Gonçalves2011_2, author = {Gonçalves, Cátia and Alves, Célia and Fernandes, Ana Patrícia and Monteiro, Cristina and Tarelho, Luís and Evtyugina, Margarita and Pio, Casimiro}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.071}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {sep}, pages = {4533-4545}, title = {Organic compounds in PM2.5 emitted from fireplace and woodstove combustion of typical Portuguese wood species}, url = {http://ria.ua.pt/bitstream/10773/6317/1/AE_45_2011_4533-4545.pdf}, volume = {45}, year = {2011} } @article{Kulmala2011, abstract = {In this paper we describe and summarize the main achievements of the European Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions project (EUCAARI). EUCAARI started on 1 January 2007 and ended on 31 December 2010 leaving a rich legacy including: (a) a comprehensive database with a year of observations of the physical, chemical and optical properties of aerosol particles over Europe, (b) comprehensive aerosol measurements in four developing countries, (c) a database of airborne measurements of aerosols and clouds over Europe during May 2008, (d) comprehensive modeling tools to study aerosol processes fron nano to global scale and their effects on climate and air quality. In addition a new Pan-European aerosol emissions inventory was developed and evaluated, a new cluster spectrometer was built and tested in the field and several new aerosol parameterizations and computations modules for chemical transport and global climate models were developed and evaluated. These achievements and related studies have substantially improved our understanding and reduced the uncertainties of aerosol radiative forcing and air quality-climate interactions. The EUCAARI results can be utilized in European and global environmental policy to assess the aerosol impacts and the corresponding abatement strategies. ; http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13061-2011 ; http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/13061/2011/acp-11-13061-2011.pdf}, author = {Kulmala, Markku and Asmi, Ari and Lappalainen, H. K. and Baltensperger, Urs and Brenguier, Jean-Louis and Hov, Øystein and Facchini, M. Cristina and Hansson, H.-C. and van der Gon, Hacd A. C. Denier and Hov, Ø. and O'Dowd, C. D. and O'Dowd, Colin D. and Pöschl, U. and Wiedensohler, A. and Hov, O. and Boers, Reinout and Boucher, Olivier and de Leeuw, G. and Denier van der Gon, H. A. C. and Feichter, Johann and Krejci, R. and Laj, Paolo and Poeschl, U. and Lihavainen, H. and Lohmann, Ulrike and Poschl, U. and McFiggans, Gordon and Mentel, Thomas and Pilinis, C. and Riipinen, Ilona and Schulz, Michael and Stohl, Andreas and Swietlicki, Erik and Vignati, Elisabetta and Alves, C. and Amann, M. and Ammann, M. and Arabas, Sylvester and Artaxo, P. and Baars, H. and Beddows, D. C. S. and Van Der Gon, H. and Bergström, Robert and Beukes, Johan Paul and Bilde, Merete and Burkhart, J. F. and Canonaco, F. and Clegg, S. L. and Burkhart, John Faulkner and Coe, H. and Crumeyrolle, S. and D'Anna, Barbara and Decesari, S. and Canonaco, S. L. and Gilardoni, S. and Fischer, M. and Fjaeraa, Ann-Mari and D'Anna, B. and Fountoukis, C. and George, C. and Gomes, L. and Halloran, P. and Hamburger, T. and Harrison, R. M. and Herrmann, H. and Hoffmann, T. and Hoose, Corinna and Hu, M. and Hyvärinen, A. and Hõrrak, U. and Iinuma, Y. and Iversen, Trond and Josipovic, Miroslav and Horrak, U. and Kanakidou, Maria and Kiendler-Scharr, A. and Kirkevåg, Alf and Kiss, G. and Klimont, Z. and Kolmonen, P. and Komppula, M. and Kristjánsson, Jon-Egill and Laakso, L. and Laaksonen, A. and Labonnote, L. and Lanz, V. A. and Lehtinen, K. E. J. and Rizzo, L. V. and Makkonen, R. and Manninen, H. E. and McMeeking, G. and Merikanto, J. and Minikin, A. and Mirme, S. and Morgan, W. T. and Seland, Ø. and Nemitz, E. and O'Donnell, D. and O'Donnell, D. and Panwar, T. S. and Pawlowska, H. and Petzold, A. and Pienaar, Jacobus Johannes and Pio, C. and Plass-Duelmer, C. and Prévôt, A. S. H. and Pryor, S. and Reddington, C. L. and Seland, Øyvind and Prevot, A. S. H. and Roberts, G. and Rosenfeld, Daniel and Schwarz, J. and Sellegri, K. and Shen, X. J. and Shiraiwa, M. and Siebert, H. and Seland, O. and Sierau, Berko and Simpson, David and Sun, J. Y. and Topping, D. and Tunved, Peter and Sellegri, X. J. and Vaattovaara, P. and Vakkari, V. and Veefkind, J. P. and Visschedijk, A. and Vuollekoski, H. and Vuolo, R. and Wehner, B. and Wildt, J. and Woodward, S. and Worsnop, D. R. and van Zadelhoff, G.-J. and Zardini, A. A. and Zhang, K. and van Zyl, P. G. and Van Zyl, Pieter Gideon and Kerminen, V.-M. and S. Carslaw, K. and Carslaw, K. S. and Pandis, S. N.}, doi = {10.5194/acp-11-13061-2011}, journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions}, month = {jan}, pages = {17941-18160}, title = {General overview: European integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI) – integrating aerosol research from nano to global scales.:}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-17941-2011}, volume = {11}, year = {2011} } @article{Pegas2010, abstract = {Analysis of indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools usually reveals higher levels of pollutants than in outdoor environments. The aims of this study are to measure indoor and outdoor concentrations of NO(2), speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyls at 14 elementary schools in Lisbon, Portugal. The investigation was carried out in May-June 2009. Three of the schools were selected to also measure comfort parameters, such as temperature and relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO(2)), carbon monoxide (CO), total VOCs, and bacterial and fungal colony-forming units per cubic metre. Indoor concentrations of CO(2) in the three main schools indicated inadequate classroom air exchange rates. The indoor/outdoor (I/O) NO(2) ratio ranged between 0.36 and 0.95. At the three main schools, the total bacterial and fungal colony-forming units (CFU) in both indoor and outdoor air were above the advised maximum value of 500 CFU/m(3) defined by Portuguese legislation. The aromatic compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, followed by ethers, alcohols and terpenes, were usually the most abundant classes of VOCs. In general, the indoor total VOC concentrations were markedly higher than those observed outdoors. At all locations, indoor aldehyde levels were higher than those observed outdoors, particularly for formaldehyde. The inadequate ventilation observed likely favours accumulation of pollutants with additional indoor sources.}, author = {Pegas, P. N. and Alves, C. A. and Evtyugina, M. G. and Nunes, T. and Cerqueira, M. and Franchi, M. and Pio, C. A. and Almeida, S. M. and Freitas, M. C.}, doi = {10.1007/s10653-010-9345-3}, journal = {Environmental Geochemistry and Health}, month = {nov}, pages = {455-468}, title = {Indoor air quality in elementary schools of Lisbon in spring}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Susana_Almeida4/publication/47646149_Indoor_air_quality_in_elementary_schools_of_Lisbon_in_spring/links/02e7e52c67fb20d0f7000000.pdf}, volume = {33}, year = {2010} } @article{Pegas2011, abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the indoor (I) and outdoor (O) levels of NO₂, speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyls at fourteen primary schools in Lisbon (Portugal) during spring, autumn and winter. Three of these schools were also selected to be monitored for comfort parameters, such as temperature and relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), total VOCs, and both bacterial and fungal colony-forming units per cubic metre. The concentration of CO₂ and bioaerosols greatly exceeded the acceptable maximum values of 1800 mg m⁻³ and 500 CFU m⁻³, respectively, in all seasons. Most of the assessed VOCs and carbonyls occurred at I/O ratios above unity in all seasons, thus showing the importance of indoor sources and building conditions in indoor air quality. However, it has been observed that higher indoor VOC concentrations occurred more often in the colder months, while carbonyl concentrations were higher in the warm months. In general, the I/O NO₂ ratios ranged between 0.35 and 1, never exceeding the unity. Some actions are suggested to improve the indoor air quality in Lisbon primary schools.}, author = {Pegas, P. N. and Alves, C. A. and Ca, Alves and Evtyugina, M. G. and Nunes, T. and Cerqueira, M. and Franchi, M. and Pio, C. A. and Verde, S. Cabo and Almeida, S. M. and Cabo Verde, S. and Freitas, M. C.}, doi = {10.1039/c0em00472c}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring}, month = {jan}, pages = {657}, title = {Seasonal evaluation of outdoor/indoor air quality in primary schools in Lisbon}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sandra_Cabo_Verde/publication/49792119_Seasonal_evaluation_of_outdoorindoor_air_quality_in_primary_schools_in_Lisbon/links/02e7e52a9f92a61571000000.pdf}, volume = {13}, year = {2011} } @article{Pegas2011_2, abstract = {AimsA cross-sectional study was carried out with the objective of identifying nutrition habits and housing conditions as risk factors for respiratory problems in schoolchildren in Lisbon.}, author = {Pegas, P. N. and Alves, C. A. and Scotto, M. G. and Evtyugina, M. G. and Pio, C. A. and Freitas, M. C.}, doi = {10.1016/j.rppneu.2011.01.004}, journal = {Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia}, month = {may}, pages = {109-116}, title = {Factores de risco e prevalência de asma e rinite em crianças em idade escolar em Lisboa}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manuel_Scotto/publication/251599374_Factores_de_risco_e_prevalncia_de_asma_e_rinite_em_crianas_em_idade_escolar_em_Lisboa/links/563115cc08ae0530378d040a.pdf}, volume = {17}, year = {2011} } @article{Pio2011, abstract = {This study explores a large set of OC and EC measurements in PM10 and PM2.5 aerosol samples, undertaken with a long term constant analytical methodology, to evaluate the capability of the OC/EC minimum ratio to represent the ratio between the OC and EC aerosol components resulting from fossil fuel combustion (OCff/ECff). The data set covers a wide geographical area in Europe, but with a particular focus upon Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom, and includes a great variety of sites: urban (background, kerbside and tunnel), industrial, rural and remote. The highest minimum ratios were found in samples from remote and rural sites. Urban background sites have shown spatially and temporally consistent minimum ratios, of around 1.0 for PM10 and 0.7 for PM2.5.The consistency of results has suggested that the method could be used as a tool to derive the ratio between OC and EC from fossil fuel combustion and consequently to differentiate OC from primary and secondary sources. To explore this capability, OC and EC measurements were performed in a busy roadway tunnel in central Lisbon. The OC/EC ratio, which reflected the composition of vehicle combustion emissions, was in the range of 0.3–0.4. Ratios of OC/EC in roadside increment air (roadside minus urban background) in Birmingham, UK also lie within the range 0.3–0.4. Additional measurements were performed under heavy traffic conditions at two double kerbside sites located in the centre of Lisbon and Madrid. The OC/EC minimum ratios observed at both sites were found to be between those of the tunnel and those of urban background air, suggesting that minimum values commonly obtained for this parameter in open urban atmospheres over-predict the direct emissions of OCff from road transport. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are explored.}, author = {Pio, Casimiro and Cerqueira, Mário and Harrison, Roy M. and Nunes, Teresa and Mirante, Fátima and Alves, Célia and Oliveira, César and de la Campa, Ana Sanchez and Artíñano, Begoña and Matos, Manuel}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.045}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {nov}, pages = {6121-6132}, title = {OC/EC Ratio Observations in Europe: Re-thinking the Approach for Apportionment between Primary and Secondary Organic Carbon}, url = {http://repositorio.ipl.pt/bitstream/10400.21/2222/1/OCEC%20ratio%20observations%20in%20Europe%20Re-thinking%20the%20approach%20for%20apportionment%20between%20primary%20andsecondary%20organic%20carbon.rep.pdf}, volume = {45}, year = {2011} } @article{Vicente2011, abstract = {Gas and particulate fractions were measured simultaneously from a wildfire in Penedono, central Portugal, which occurred in summer 2009. The total volatile hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon oxides (CO(2) and CO) collected in Tedlar bags were measured using automatic analysers with flame ionisation and non-dispersive infrared detectors, respectively. Carbonyls (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) were sampled from the Tedlar bags in DNHP cartridges and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Fine (PM(2.5)) and coarse (PM(2.5-10)) smoke particles were collected sequentially, on pre-fired quartz fibre filters, with a portable high-volume sampler. The detailed speciation of organic compounds in smoke samples was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The organic and elemental carbon content of particulate matter was analysed by a thermal-optical transmission technique. Average emission factors of 1.86 +/- 0.80 and 0.063 +/- 0.066 g kg(-1) (dry basis) were obtained for acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, respectively. The THC, CO, CO(2), PM(2.5), PM(10), OC and EC emission factors (g kg(-1) fuel burned, dry basis) were 260 +/- 88, 268 +/- 92, 1200 +/- 172, 37 = 12.2, 40 +/- 12.6, 21 +/- 6.7 and 0.44 +/- 0.21, respectively. The chromatographically resolved organics included n-alkanes, n-alkenes, n-alkanoic acids, n-di-acids, unsaturated fatty acids, phenolic compounds, ketones, steroids, di- and triterpenoids, PAHs, with retene as the major compound, oxygenated PAH and anhydrosugars. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, author = {Vicente, Ana and Alves, Celia and Monteiro, Cristina and Nunes, Teresa and Mirante, Fatima and Evtyugina, Margarita and Cerqueira, Mario and Pio, Casimiro}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.021}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {sep}, pages = {5172-5182}, title = {Measurement of trace gases and organic compounds in the smoke plume from a wildfire in Penedono (central Portugal)}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/A_Vicente/publication/235733896_Measurement_of_trace_gases_and_organic_compounds_in_the_smoke_plume_from_a_wildfire_in_Penedono_central_Portugal/links/00b7d52f4fa45ca148000000.pdf}, volume = {45}, year = {2011} }