@article{Alonso2011, abstract = {Tropospheric ozone (O(3)) is considered one of the most important air pollutants affecting human health. The role of peri-urban vegetation in modifying O(3) concentrations has been analyzed in the Madrid region (Spain) using the V200603par-rc1 version of the CHIMERE air quality model. The 3.7 version of the MM5 meteorological model was used to provide meteorological input data to the CHIMERE. The emissions were derived from the EMEP database for 2003. Land use data and the stomatal conductance model included in CHIMERE were modified according to the latest information available for the study area. Two cases were considered for the period April-September 2003: (1) actual land use and (2) a fictitious scenario where El Pardo peri-urban forest was converted to bare-soil. The results show that El Pardo forest constitutes a sink of O(3) since removing this green area increased O(3) levels over the modified area and over down-wind surrounding areas.}, author = {Alonso, Rocío and Vivanco, Marta G. and González-Fernández, Ignacio and Bermejo, Victoria and Palomino, Inmaculada and Garrido, Juan Luis and Elvira, Susana and Salvador, Pedro and Artíñano, Begoña}, doi = {10.1016/j.envpol.2010.12.005}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, month = {aug}, pages = {2138-2147}, title = {Modelling the influence of peri-urban trees in the air quality of Madrid region (Spain)}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rocio_Alonso2/publication/49787780_Modelling_the_influence_of_peri-urban_trees_in_the_air_quality_of_Madrid_region_Spain/links/02e7e526ba8ebab5cc000000.pdf}, volume = {159}, year = {2011} } @article{Artı́ñano2003, author = {Artı́ñano, Begoña and Salvador, Pedro and Alonso, Diana G. and Querol, Xavier and Alastuey, Andrés}, doi = {10.1016/s0269-7491(03)00078-2}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, month = {oct}, pages = {453-465}, title = {Anthropogenic and natural influence on the PM10 and PM2.5 aerosol in Madrid (Spain). Analysis of high concentration episodes}, url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(03)00078-2}, volume = {125}, year = {2003} } @article{Artı́ñano2004, author = {Artı́ñano, B. and Salvador, P. and Alonso, D. G. and Querol, X. and Alastuey, A.}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.032}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, month = {dec}, pages = {111-123}, title = {Influence of traffic on the PM10 and PM2.5 urban aerosol fractions in Madrid (Spain)}, url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.032}, volume = {334-335}, year = {2004} } @article{Mirante2014, author = {Mirante, Fátima and Salvador, Pedro and Pio, Casimiro and Alves, Célia and Artiñano, Begoña and Caseiro, Alexandre and Revuelta, M.-ª. Aranzazu}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.11.024}, journal = {Atmospheric Research}, month = {mar}, pages = {278-292}, title = {Size fractionated aerosol composition at roadside and background environments in the Madrid urban atmosphere}, url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.11.024}, volume = {138}, year = {2014} } @inproceedings{Molero-Menendez2002, author = {Molero-Menendez, Francisco and Nunez, Lourdes and Salvador, Pedro and Pujadas, Manuel and Artinano, Begona}, doi = {10.1117/12.452781}, journal = {Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environment Monitoring II}, month = {jan}, title = {Application of a lidar system to the estimation of the ambient aerosol source}, url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1117/12.452781}, year = {2002} } @article{Moreno2006, author = {Moreno, Teresa and Querol, Xavier and Alastuey, Andrés and Viana, Mar and Salvador, Pedro and Sánchez de la Campa, Ana and Artiñano, Begoña and de la Rosa, Jesús and Gibbons, Wes}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.074}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {nov}, pages = {6791-6803}, title = {Variations in atmospheric PM trace metal content in Spanish towns: Illustrating the chemical complexity of the inorganic urban aerosol cocktail}, url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.074}, volume = {40}, year = {2006} } @article{Plaza2011, author = {Plaza, Javier and Artíñano, Begoña and Salvador, Pedro and Gómez-Moreno, Francisco J. and Pujadas, Manuel and Pio, Casimiro A.}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.037}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {may}, pages = {2496-2506}, title = {Short-term secondary organic carbon estimations with a modified OC/EC primary ratio method at a suburban site in Madrid (Spain)}, url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.02.037}, volume = {45}, year = {2011} } @article{Querol2004, abstract = {This work summarizes the results of a series of comprehensive studies on particulate matter (PM) carried out in Spain from 1999 to 2001. Monitoring sites were selected in accordance with different climatic and geographic conditions as well as anthropogenic influences, varying from rural background to urban curb-side sites. Measurements were carried out with gravimetric high-volume samplers and with automatic devices for different PM grain sizes, focusing on PM10 and PM2.5. A simultaneous meteorology study was performed to assess the influence of air masses and to detect long-range transport processes, especially African dust outbreaks, affecting the PM levels in the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands. Mean values, chemical compositions and source apportionment analyses were obtained and discussed as a function of the different monitoring sites and during PM episodes.}, author = {Querol, X. and Alastuey, A. and Viana, M. M. and Rodriguez, S. and Artiñano, B. and Salvador, P. and Garcia do Santos, S. and Fernandez Patier, R. and Ruiz, C. R. and de la Rosa, J. and Sanchez de la Campa, A. and Menendez, M. and Gil, J. I.}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.04.002}, journal = {Journal of Aerosol Science}, month = {sep}, pages = {1151-1172}, title = {Speciation and origin of PM10 and PM2.5 in Spain}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergio_Rodriguez5/publication/236230928_Speciation_and_origin_of_PM10_and_PM25_in_Spain/links/0046352d6aa23e1f44000000.pdf}, volume = {35}, year = {2004} } @article{Querol2004_2, author = {Querol, X. and Alastuey, A. and Rodrı́guez, S. and Viana, M. M. and Artı́ñano, B. and Salvador, P. and Mantilla, E. and do Santos, S. Garcı́a and Patier, R. Fernandez and de La Rosa, J. and de la Campa, A. Sanchez and Menéndez, M. and Gil, J. J.}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.036}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, month = {dec}, pages = {359-376}, title = {Levels of particulate matter in rural, urban and industrial sites in Spain}, url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.036}, volume = {334-335}, year = {2004} } @article{Querol2007, abstract = {Despite their significant role in source apportionment analysis, studies dedicated to the identification of tracer elements of emission sources of atmospheric particulate matter based on air quality data are relatively scarce. The studies describing tracer elements of specific sources currently available in the literature mostly focus on emissions from traffic or large-scale combustion processes (e.g. power plants), but not on specific industrial processes. Furthermore, marker elements are not usually determined at receptor sites, but during emission. In our study, trace element concentrations in PM10 and PM2.5 were determined at 33 monitoring stations in Spain throughout the period 1995–2006. Industrial emissions from different forms of metallurgy (steel, stainless steel, copper, zinc), ceramic and petrochemical industries were evaluated. Results obtained at sites with no significant industrial development allowed us to define usual concentration ranges for a number of trace elements in rural and urban background environments. At industrial and traffic hotspots, average trace metal concentrations were highest, exceeding rural background levels by even one order of magnitude in the cases of Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Sn, W, V, Ni, Cs and Pb. Steel production emissions were linked to high levels of Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, Mo, Cd, Se and Sn (and probably Pb). Copper metallurgy areas showed high levels of As, Bi, Ga and Cu. Zinc metallurgy was characterised by high levels of Zn and Cd. Glazed ceramic production areas were linked to high levels of Zn, As, Se, Zr, Cs, Tl, Li, Co and Pb. High levels of Ni and V (in association) were tracers of petrochemical plants and/or fuel-oil combustion. At one site under the influence of heavy vessel traffic these elements could be considered tracers (although not exclusively) of shipping emissions. Levels of Zn–Ba and Cu–Sb were relatively high in urban areas when compared with industrialised regions due to tyre and brake abrasion, respectively.}, author = {Querol, X. and Viana, M. and Alastuey, A. and Amato, F. and Moreno, T. and Castillo, S. and Pey, J. and de la Rosa, J. and Sánchez de la Campa, A. and Artíñano, B. and Salvador, P. and García Dos Santos, S. and Fernández-Patier, R. and Moreno-Grau, S. and Negral, L. and Minguillón, M. C. and Monfort, E. and Gil, J. I. and Inza, A. and Ortega, L. A. and Santamaría, J. M. and Zabalza, J.}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.022}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {nov}, pages = {7219-7231}, title = {Source origin of trace elements in PM from regional background, urban and industrial sites of Spain}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eliseo_Monfort/publication/236210516_Source_origin_of_trace_elements_in_PM_from_regional_background_urban_and_industrial_sites_of_Spain_Atmos_Environ/links/00b7d52d4184796d91000000.pdf}, volume = {41}, year = {2007} } @article{Querol2008, abstract = {Average ranges of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations and chemical composition in Spain show significant variations across the country, with current PM10 levels at several industrial and traffic hotspots exceeding recommended pollution limits. Such variations and exceedances are linked to patterns of anthropogenic and natural PM emissions, climate, and reactivity/stability of particulate species. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations reach 14–22 μg PM10 m−3 and 8–12 μg PM2.5 m−3 at most rural/regional background sites, 25–30 μg PM10 m−3 and 15–20μg PM2.5 m−3 at suburban sites, 30–46 μg PM10 m−3 and 20–30 μg PM2.5 m−3 at urban background and industrial sites, and 46–50 μg PM10 m−3 and 30–35 μg PM2.5 m−3 at heavy traffic hotpots. Spatial distributions show sulphate and carbon particle levels reach maxima in industrialised areas and large cities (where traffic emissions are higher), and nitrate levels increase from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean (independent of the regional NOx emissions). African dust outbreaks have an influence on the number of exceedances of the daily limit value, but its additional load on the mean annual PM10 levels is only highly significant in Southern Iberia and Canary and Balearic islands. The marine aerosol contribution is near one order of magnitude higher in the Canaries compared to the other regions. Important temporal influences include PM intrusion events from Africa (more abundant in February–March and spring–summer), regional-scale pollution episodes, and weekday versus weekend activity. Higher summer insolation enhances (NH4)2SO4 but depletes particulate NO3− (as a consequence of the thermal instability of ammonium nitrate in summer) and Cl− (due to HCl volatilisation resulting from the interaction of gaseous HNO3 with the marine NaCl), as well as generally increasing dry dust resuspension under a semi-arid climate. Average trace metal concentrations rise with the highest levels at industrial and traffic hotspots sites, in some cases (Ti, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Sn, W, and Pb) exceeding rural background levels by over an order of magnitude.}, author = {Querol, Xavier and Alastuey, Andrés and Moreno, T. and Viana, Marcelo M. and Castillo, S. and Pey, J. and Rodríguez, S. and Artiñano, B. and Salvador, P. and Sánchez, M. M. and García Dos Santos, S. and Herce Garraleta, M. D. and Fernández Patier, R. and Moreno Grau, S. and Negral, L. and Minguillón Bengochea, María Cruz and Monfort Gimeno, Eliseo and Sanz, M. J. and Palomo Martín, R. and Pinilla Gil, E. and Cuevas, E. and de la Rosa, J. and Sánchez de la Campa, Ana María}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.071}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {jun}, pages = {3964-3979}, title = {Spatial and temporal variations in airborne particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) across Spain 1999–2005}, url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10234/43402}, volume = {42}, year = {2008} } @article{Querol2013, abstract = {We interpret here the variability of levels of carbonaceous aerosols based on a 12 yr database from 78 monitoring stations across Spain specially compiled for this article. Data did not evidence any spatial trends of carbonaceous aerosols across the country. Conversely, results show marked differences in average concentrations from the cleanest, most remote sites (around 1 ??g m???3 of non-mineral carbon (nmC), mostly made of organic carbon (OC) with very little elemental carbon (EC), around 0.1 ??g m???3; OC / EC = 12???15), to the highly polluted major cities (8???10 ??g m???3 of nmC; 3???4 ??g m???3 of EC; 4???5 ??g m???3 of OC; OC / EC = 1???2). Thus, urban (and very specific industrial) pollution was found to markedly increase levels of carbonaceous aerosols in Spain, with much lower impact of biomass burning and of biogenic emissions. Correlations between yearly averaged OC / EC and EC concentrations adjust very well to a potential equation (OC = 3.37 EC0.326, R2 = 0.8). A similar equation is obtained when including average concentrations obtained at other European sites (OC = 3.60EC0.491, R2 = 0.7). A clear seasonal variability in OC and EC concentrations was detected. Both OC and EC concentrations were higher during winter at the traffic and urban sites, but OC increased during the warmer months at the rural sites. Hourly equivalent black carbon (EBC) concentrations at urban sites accurately depict road traffic contributions, varying with distance from road, traffic volume and density, mixing-layer height and wind speed. Weekday urban rush-hour EBC peaks are mimicked by concentrations of primary gaseous emissions from road traffic, whereas a single midday peak is characteristic of remote and rural sites. Decreasing annual trends for carbonaceous aerosols were observed between 1999 and 2011 at a large number of stations, probably reflecting the impact of the EURO4 and EURO5 standards in reducing the diesel PM emissions. This has resulted in some cases in an increasing trend for NO2 / (OC + EC) ratios as these standards have been much less effective for the abatement of NOx exhaust emissions in passenger diesel cars. This study concludes that EC, EBC, and especially nmC and OC + EC are very good candidates for new air quality standards since they cover both emission impact and health-related issues.}, author = {Querol, Xavier and de la Campa Sánchez, A. and Alastuey, Andrés and Viana, Mar and Moreno, Teresa and Reche, Cristina and Minguillón, Maria Cruz and Plana, F. and Ripoll, Ana and Pandolfi, Marco and Amato, Fulvio and Plana, Eeliciá and Karanasiou, A. and Pérez, Noemi and Pey, Jorge and Dall´Oosto, Manuel and Cusack, Michael and de la Rosa, Jesus and Vázquez, R. and Dall'Osto, M. and Dall'Osto, M. and Fernández-Camacho, R. and De La Rosa, J. and Sánchez de la Campa, Ana M. and Fernández-Camacho, Rocío and Rodríguez, Sergio and Pio, Casimiro and Pío, C. and Alados-Arboledas, Lucas and Argiñano, Begoña and Dantos, Saul García Dos and Artíñano, B. and Salvador, Pedro and Dos Santos García, S. and García Dos Santos, S. and Patier, Rosalía Fernández and Titos Vela, Gloria}, doi = {10.5194/acp-13-6185-2013}, journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions}, month = {jan}, pages = {6971-7019}, title = {Variability of carbonaceous aerosols in remote, rural, urban and industrial environments in Spain: implications for air quality policy}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6185-2013}, volume = {13}, year = {2013} } @article{Salvador2004, author = {Salvador, P.}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.070}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {jan}, pages = {435-447}, title = {Identification and characterisation of sources of PM10 in Madrid (Spain) by statistical methods}, url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.070}, volume = {38}, year = {2004} } @article{Salvador2007, author = {Salvador, Pedro and Artíñano, Begoña and Querol, Xavier and Alastuey, Andrés and Costoya, Miguel}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.007}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {jan}, pages = {1-17}, title = {Characterisation of local and external contributions of atmospheric particulate matter at a background coastal site}, url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.007}, volume = {41}, year = {2007} } @article{Salvador2008, author = {Salvador, Pedro and Artíñano, Begoña and Querol, Xavier and Alastuey, Andrés}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.052}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment}, month = {feb}, pages = {495-506}, title = {A combined analysis of backward trajectories and aerosol chemistry to characterise long-range transport episodes of particulate matter: The Madrid air basin, a case study}, url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.10.052}, volume = {390}, year = {2008} } @article{Salvador2010, abstract = {This study has investigated the influence of synoptic weather patterns and long-range transport episodes on the concentrations of several compounds related to different aerosol sources (EC, OC, SO42−, Ca2+, Na+, K+, 210Pb, levoglucosan and dicarboxylic acids) registered in PM10 or PM2.5 aerosol samples collected at three remote background sites in central Europe. Air mass back-trajectories arriving at these sites have been analysed by statistical methods. Firstly, air mass back-trajectories have been grouped into clusters. Each cluster corresponds to specific meteorological scenarios, which were extracted and discussed. Finally, redistributed concentration fields have been computed to identify the main potential source regions of the different key aerosol components. A marked seasonal pattern is observed in the occurrence of the different clusters, with fast westerly and northerly Atlantic flows during winter and weak circulation flows in summer. Spring and fall were characterised by advection of moderate flows from northeastern and eastern Europe. Significant inter-cluster differences were observed for concentrations of receptor aerosol components, with the highest concentrations of EC, OC, SO42−, K+ and 210Pb associated with local and mesoscale aerosol sources located over central Europe related to enhanced photochemical processes. Emissions produced by fossil fuel and biomass burning processes from the Baltic countries, Byelorussia, western regions of Russia and Kazakhstan in spring and fall also contribute to elevated levels of EC, OC, SO42−, K+ and 210Pb. In the summer period long-range transport episodes of mineral dust from North-African deserts were also frequently detected, which caused elevated concentrations of coarse Ca2+ at sites. The baseline aerosol concentrations in central Europe at the high altitude background sites were registered in winter, with the exception of coarse Na+. While the relatively high concentrations of Na+ can be explained by sea salt advected from the Atlantic, the low levels of other aerosol components are caused by efficient aerosol scavenging associated to advections of Atlantic air masses, as well as lower emissions of these species over the Atlantic compared to those over the European continent and very limited vertical air mass exchange over the continent.}, author = {Salvador, Pedro and Artíñano, Begoña and Pio, Casimiro and Afonso, Joana and Legrand, Michel and Puxbaum, Hans and Hammer, Samuel}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.03.042}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {jan}, pages = {2316-2329}, title = {Evaluation of aerosol sources at European high altitude background sites with trajectory statistical methods}, url = {https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00653749}, volume = {44}, year = {2010} } @article{Salvador2011, abstract = {This paper presents a summary of the results obtained from the particulate matter (PM) data collected over the 1999–2008 period from representative sites of the Madrid air basin (an urban traffic site, an urban background site and a rural site) which is located in the centre of Spain. A number of PM10 and PM2.5 filters were obtained with high volume samplers and cut-off inlets and chemically analyzed. Pollutants recorded in this area at the Air Quality monitoring stations were also analyzed. The influence of the atmospheric transport scenarios on the levels of PM was investigated by means of atmospheric back-trajectories, satellite imagery and meteorological synoptic charts. Source apportionment studies were performed to characterize the main PM sources whenever was possible. Their contributions to bulk PM levels showed clear spatial patterns, linked to characteristic meteorological scenarios.}, author = {Salvador, P. and Artíñano, B. and Viana, M. M. and Querol, X. and Alastuey, A. and González Fernández, I. and Alonso, R.}, doi = {10.1016/j.proenv.2011.03.024}, journal = {Procedia Environmental Sciences}, month = {jan}, pages = {198-208}, title = {Spatial and temporal variations in PM10 and PM2.5 across Madrid metropolitan area in 1999–2008}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.03.024}, volume = {4}, year = {2011} } @article{Salvador2012, author = {Salvador, P. and Artíñano, B. and Viana, M. and Alastuey, A. and Querol, X.}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.026}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, month = {sep}, pages = {175-185}, title = {Evaluation of the changes in the Madrid metropolitan area influencing air quality: Analysis of 1999–2008 temporal trend of particulate matter}, url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.04.026}, volume = {57}, year = {2012} } @article{Salvador2013, author = {Salvador, Pedro and Artíñano, Begoña and Molero, Francisco and Viana, Mar and Pey, Jorge and Alastuey, Andrés and Querol, Xavier}, doi = {10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.12.011}, journal = {Atmospheric Research}, month = {jun}, pages = {117-129}, title = {African dust contribution to ambient aerosol levels across central Spain: Characterization of long-range transport episodes of desert dust}, url = {https://oadoi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.12.011}, volume = {127}, year = {2013} } @article{Viana2010, abstract = {African dust (AD) contributions to particulate matter (PM) levels may be reported by Member States to the European Commission during justification of exceedances of the daily limit value (DLV). However, the detection and subsequent quantification of the AD contribution to PM levels is complex, and only two measurement-based methods are available in the literature: the Spanish-Portuguese reference method (SPR), and the Tel Aviv University method (TAU). In the present study, both methods were assessed. The SPR method was more conservative in the detection of episodes (71 days identified as AD by SPR, vs 81 by TAU), as it is less affected by interferences with local dust sources. The mean annual contribution of AD was lower with the TAU method than with SPR (2.7 vs 3.5 ± 1.5 μg/m(3)). The SPR and TAU AD time series were correlated with daily aluminum levels (a known tracer of AD), as well as with an AD source identified by the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model. Higher r(2) values were obtained with the SPR method than with TAU in both cases (r(2) = 0.72 vs 0.56, y = 0.05x vs y = 0.06x with aluminum levels; r(2)=0.79 vs 0.43, y = 0.8x vs y = 0.4x with the PMF source). We conclude that the SPR method is more adequate from an EU policy perspective (justification of DLV exceedances) due to the fact that it is more conservative than the TAU method. Based on our results, the TAU method requires adaptation of the thresholds in the algorithm to refine detection of low-impact episodes and avoid misclassification of local events as AD.}, author = {Viana, Mar and Salvador, Pedro and Artíñano, Begoña and Querol, Xavier and Alastuey, Andrés and Pey, Jorge and Latz, Achim J. and Cabañas, Mercè and Moreno, Teresa and Santos, Saúl García dos and García Dos Santos, Saúl and Herce, María Dolores and Diez Hernández, Pablo and Hernández, Pablo Diez and García, Dolores Romero and Romero García, Dolores and Fernández-Patier, Rosalía}, doi = {10.1021/es1022625}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, month = {nov}, pages = {8814-8820}, title = {Assessing the Performance of Methods to Detect and Quantify African Dust in Airborne Particulates}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Begona_Artinano/publication/47677636_Assessing_the_Performance_of_Methods_to_Detect_and_Quantify_African_Dust_in_Airborne_Particulates/links/546486f10cf2c0c6aec56fc1.pdf}, volume = {44}, year = {2010} }