We report a new "spectroscopic" potential energy surface (PES) of formaldehyde (H(2)(12)C(16)O) in its ground electronic state, obtained by refining an ab initio PES in a least-squares fitting to the experimental spectroscopic data for formaldehyde currently available in the literature. The ab initio PES was computed using the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVQZ method at 30 840 geometries that cover the energy range up to 44 000 cm(-1) above equilibrium. Ro-vibrational energies of formaldehyde were determined variationally for this ab initio PES by means of the program TROVE [Theoretical ROtation-Vibration Energies; S. N. Yurchenko, W. Thiel, and P. Jensen, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 245, 126 (2007)]. The parameter values in the analytical representation of the PES were optimized in fittings to 319 ro-vibrational energies with J = 0, 1, 2, and 5. The initial parameter values in the fittings were those of the ab initio PES, the ro-vibrational eigenfunctions obtained from this PES served as a basis set during the fitting process, and constraints were imposed to ensure that the refined PES does not deviate unphysically from the ab initio one in regions of configuration space not sampled by the experimental data. The resulting refined PES, referred to as H(2)CO-2011, reproduces the available experimental J ≤ 5 data with a root-mean-square error of 0.04 cm(-1).