Published in

American Physical Society, Physical Review Letters, 14(109), 2012

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.143902

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Frequency Conversion in a HighQ-Factor Sapphire Whispering Gallery Mode Resonator due to Paramagnetic Nonlinearity

Journal article published in 2012 by Daniel L. Creedon ORCID, Karim Benmessai, Michael E. Tobar
This paper was not found in any repository, but could be made available legally by the author.
This paper was not found in any repository, but could be made available legally by the author.

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Abstract

Nonlinear frequency conversion is a well known and widely exploited family of effects in optics, often arising from a Kerr nonlinearity in a crystal medium. Here, we report high stability frequency conversion in the microwave regime due to a $χ^{(3)}$ nonlinearity in sapphire introduced by a dilute concentration of paramagnetic spins. First, we produce a high stability comb from two microwave fields at 12.029 and 12.037 GHz corresponding to two high $Q$-factor Whispering Gallery (WG) modes within the Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) bandwidth of the Fe$^{3+}$ ion. The resulting comb is generated by a cascaded four-wave mixing effect with a 7.7 MHz repetition rate. Then, by suppressing four-wave mixing by increasing the threshold power, third harmonic generation is achieved in a variety of WG modes coupled to various species of paramagnetic ion within the sapphire.