In this paper, gelatin as a natural biomass has been selected to successfully prepare an oxygen-enriched carbon with layered sedimentary rocks structure, which exhibited ultrahigh rate performance and excellent cycling stability as supercapacitors. The specific capacitance reached 272.6 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 and still retained 197.0 F g-1 even at 100 A g-1 (with high capacitance retention of 72.3%). The outstanding electrochemical performance resulted from the special layered structure with large surface area (827.8 m2 g-1) and high content of oxygen (18.03%), which effectively realized the synergistic effects of the electrical double-layer capacitance and pseudocapacitance. Moreover, it delivered an energy density of 25.3 Wh kg-1 even with a high power density of 34.7 kW kg-1 and ultra-long cycling stability (with no capacitance decay even over 10,000 cycles at 2 A g-1) in a symmetric supercapacitor, which are highly desirable for their practical application in energy storage devices and conversion.