Phellinus piptadeniae (Hymenochaetaceae, Hymenochaetales) as currently accepted is characterized by having applanate to ungulate basidiome with the pilear surface concentrically sulcate, radially cracked in old specimens, and a sinuous black line in the context. The species has been recorded in seasonally dry forests of different Brazilian domains, often associated with legume hosts. It occurs highly specifically associated with Piptadenia gonoacantha in semideciduous forest of the Atlantic Forest domain in southeastern Brazil. In the Caatinga dry woodlands, northeastern Brazil, Phellinus piptadeniae occurs as host-recurrent of different Piptadenia species. During recent polypore surveys, specimens that are morphologically similar to the type were collected in seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs) of northwestern Peru also on legume hosts (Libidibia glabrata and Pithecellobium excelsum). In this paper we discuss the morphological variation, host range, and distribution of Phellinus piptadeniae in the context of the historical biogeography of the neotropical SDTF biome. Some taxonomic implications that should be further investigated in a molecular phylogenetic framework are also addressed.