The leaves and inflorescences of the ornamental and medicinal aromatic plant Hyptidendron canum were collected from four sites in the Brazilian Cerrado and their essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results obtained by Principal Component and Cluster analysis indicated a high chemovariability in the oils from different sites. Ses-quiterpene hydrocarbons (42.6–94.6%) were the main group of volatiles, although differences in quantities of the major constituents were observed, mainly β-caryophyllene (6.0–41.6%) and amorpha-4,7(11)-diene (6.1–30.1%), and bicyclogermacrene (3.7–24.8%) with the highest levels in leaves from Bela Vista and inflorescence from the Silvânia site, respectively. On the other hand, sabinene (0–11.7%) and β-copaene-4α-ol (0–10.3%), and δ-3-carene (0–13.0%) showed the highest percentages in oil inflorescences from the Silvânia and Hidrolândia populations. High amounts of α-humulene (1.4–13.9%) and carotol (0–12.4%) were observed in leaf oils from Silvânia and Hidrolândia, respectively.