After nerve injury, adult sensory neurons can regenerate peripheral axons and reconnect with their target tissue. Initiation of outgrowth, as well as elongation of neurites over long distances, depends on the signaling of receptors for neurotrophic growth factors. Here, we investigated the importance of gp130, the signaling subunit of neuropoietic cytokine receptors in peripheral nerve regeneration.After sciatic nerve crush, functional recoveryin vivowas retarded inSNS-gp130^−/−mice, which specifically lackgp130in sensory neurons. Correspondingly, a significantly reduced number of free nerve endings was detected in glabrous skin fromSNS-gp130^−/−compared with control mice after nerve crush. Neurite outgrowth and STAT3 activationin vitrowere severely reduced in cultures in gp130-deficient cultured neurons. Surprisingly, in neurons obtained fromSNS-gp130^−/−mice the increase in neurite length was reduced not only in response to neuropoietic cytokine ligands of gp130 but also to nerve growth factor (NGF), which does not bind to gp130-containing receptors. Neurite outgrowth in the absence of neurotrophic factors was partially rescued in gp130-deficient neurons by leptin, which activates STAT3 downstream of leptic receptor and independent of gp130. The neurite outgrowth response of gp130-deficient neurons to NGF was fully restored in the presence of leptin.Based on these findings, gp130 signaling via STAT3 activation is suggested not only to be an important regulator of peripheral nerve regenerationin vitroandin vivo, but as determining factor for the growth promoting action of NGF in adult sensory neurons.