We sampled Rocky Mountain junipers (RMJ) to produce a multi-century tree-ring chronology from a relict lava flow, the Paxton Springs Malpais (PAX), in the Zuni Mountains of western New Mexico. Our objective was to assess crossdating potential for RMJ growing on the volcanic badlands of the region, investigate potential relationships between climate and RMJ growth, and investigate temporal variability in relationships identified between climate and RMJ growing at our site. We hypothesized that, similar to other drought stressed-conifers growing on the lava flows, RMJ responds to climate factors that influence and indicate moisture availability. We found a high average mean sensitivity value (0.53), which indicated the PAX chronology exhibited enough annual variability to capture fluctuations in environmental conditions. The average interseries correlation (0.74) indicated confident crossdating and a significant association of annual growth among trees within the stand. The positive correlation between the PAX chronology and total precipitation for the local water year was significant (r = 0.53; P < 0.001). Significant positive correlations also were identified between monthly PDSI, monthly total precipitation, and RMJ radial growth. Analyses of temporal stability indicated that the positive relationship between RMJ growth at the PAX site and monthly PDSI was the most stable relationship during the period of analysis (1895–2007). More importantly, we identified a unique inverse relationship between radial growth and monthly mean temperature during periods of the preceding year and current growing year, the first such finding of a strong temperature response for a low-mid elevation tree species in the American Southwest. Our results confirm that RMJ samples collected on the Paxton Springs Malpais are sensitive to climate factors that affect moisture availability, further suggesting that RMJ may be suitable for use in dendroclimatic research at additional locations across the broad distribution of the species.