Droughts are projected to occur more frequently with future climate change of rising temperature and low precipitation. However, its impact on regional and global vegetation production is not well understood, which in turn contributes to uncertainties to model carbon sequestration under drought scenarios. Using long-term continuous eddy covariance measurements (168 site-year), we present an analysis of the influences of interannual summer drought on vegetation production across 29 sites representing diverse ecoregions and plant functional types in North America. Results showed that interannual summer drought, which was evaluated by the increase in summer temperature or decrease in soil moisture, would cause reductions of both summer gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) in non-forest sites (e.g., grasslands and crops). On the contrary, forest ecosystems presented a very different pattern. For evergreen forests, lower summer soil moisture decreased both GPP and NEP; however, higher summer temperature only reduced NEP with no apparent impacts on GPP. Furthermore, summer drought did not show evident impacts on either summer GPP or NEP in deciduous forests, suggesting a better potential of deciduous forests in resisting summer drought and accumulating carbon from atmosphere. These observations imply diverse responses of vegetation production to interannual summer drought and such features would be useful to improve the strengths and weaknesses of ecosystem models to better comprehend the impacts of summer drought with future climate change.