A pdf of this chapter is available by request to jmheyman@utep.edu . This article surveys political economy in anthropology with an emphasis on emerging developments and challenges. It looks at how political economy brings the analysis of power into anthropology, but how anthropological political economy also contributes and challenges to other approaches to power, such as Foucaultian perspectives. It argues that the anthropological concern with distinctive cultural frameworks and social relations is central to understanding fundamental political economic arrangements, and cannot be marginalized as addressing the minor, informal, local, complicated, and so forth. To do this, it urges us to revisit Marxist feminism, reproduction, and articulation of relations of production (and reproduction). It also links recent interest in consumption and political ecology to this social-cultural power core. It then asks how we can build from this anthropological core toward middle-range political economy typical of other disciplines, including states and corporations. In the process, it critically reviews the recent fascination with neoliberalism, suggesting that it may just be a recent phase of capitalism as such in which there has been an attack from above on subordinate social groups designed to shift increasing proportions of the social surplus toward the dominant classes. The chapter then considers the relationship of anthropological political economy, normative values, and social struggle, arguing for explicit dialogues over political-ethical values and a stringent self-critique of academic "would be" radicalism.