Published in

American Astronomical Society, Astronomical Journal, 6(165), p. 250, 2023

DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/acc865

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Updated Planetary Mass Constraints of the Young V1298 Tau System Using MAROON-X

This paper is made freely available by the publisher.
This paper is made freely available by the publisher.

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Preprint: archiving forbidden
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Postprint: archiving forbidden
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Data provided by SHERPA/RoMEO

Abstract

Abstract The early K-type T-Tauri star, V1298 Tau (V = 10 mag, age ≈ 20–30 Myr) hosts four transiting planets with radii ranging from 4.9 to 9.6 R . The three inner planets have orbital periods of ≈8–24 days while the outer planet’s period is poorly constrained by single transits observed with K2 and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Planets b, c, and d are proto–sub-Neptunes that may be undergoing significant mass loss. Depending on the stellar activity and planet masses, they are expected to evolve into super-Earths/sub-Neptunes that bound the radius valley. Here we present results of a joint transit and radial velocity (RV) modeling analysis, which includes recently obtained TESS photometry and MAROON-X RV measurements. Assuming circular orbits, we obtain a low-significance (≈2σ) RV detection of planet c, implying a mass of 19.8 − 8.9 + 9.3 M ⊕ and a conservative 2σ upper limit of <39 M . For planets b and d, we derive 2σ upper limits of M b < 159 M and M d < 41 M , respectively. For planet e, plausible discrete periods of P e > 55.4 days are ruled out at the 3σ level while seven solutions with 43.3 < P e/d < 55.4 are consistent with the most probable 46.768131 ± 000076 days solution within 3σ. Adopting the most probable solution yields a 2.6σ RV detection with a mass of 0.66 ± 0.26 M Jup. Comparing the updated mass and radius constraints with planetary evolution and interior structure models shows that planets b, d, and e are consistent with predictions for young gas-rich planets and that planet c is consistent with having a water-rich core with a substantial (∼5% by mass) H2 envelope.