Oxford University Press, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 10(209), p. 1573-1584, 2014
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Background. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the major viral etiology of congenital infection and birth defects. Fetal transmission is high (30%–40%) in primary maternal infection, and symptomatic babies have permanent neurological, hearing, and vision defects. Recurrent infection is infrequently transmitted (2%) and largely asymptomatic. Congenital infection is also associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).